Wednesday, February 26, 2020
Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Abortion - Essay Example Spontaneous abortions refer to the natural process during which the human body rejects and expels the fetal contents without any ââ¬Å"voluntary involvement or utilization of induction methodsâ⬠(102). These events are often the source of great psychological distress to expecting parents and communities. However, the real social dilemma is regarding induced abortions; which refer to a voluntary disruption of a pregnancy brought upon through medical intervention (Hou Chap. 29). As a legal matter, the Supreme Court of United States supported the right to abortion in the judgment given for Roe v Wade case (Hou, Chap. 29). It was seen as the biological right of a woman to decline to carry an undesired child to term, as her physiological right. After this decision was taken there was a significant increase in the rate of abortions in the country (National Right to Life Committee, 4). But not everyone in either the public or private sector agreed with the decision and different states in the United States implemented separate legislations with varying degrees of leniency with regards to the accessibility to abortion services (Hou, Chap. 29), and in many states the debate for the right to abortion is still going on. Recent trends reveal that there is a reduction in abortion rates in the country (National Right to Life Committee 4), indicating that the perspective of the population has shifted against the process, which is labeled ââ¬Å"barbaricâ⬠by individuals who oppose it. Anti-abortion perspectives are fueled by the concern for the rights of the unborn child as well as the sanctity of human life ââ¬â eliminating a human life destroys the sense of a safe and beneficial society for all. Given these sentiments, states with the majority against abortion should implement strong anti-abortion policies which can guide
Monday, February 10, 2020
Taking Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Taking Risks - Essay Example bullies, praying hard and asking for divine intervention so that I could pass the tests and achieve passing marks in classes that I knew I was going to fail due its difficulty, wishing that things would get better for my personal life and asking for the guidance of the spirit in order to see where my path truly lay... these were things that I was told should be left up to my faith to solve. Yet no solutions came my way. Life did not get better. It seemed to just continue to get worse. Until one day, I decided to take charge of my life and throw out my religious beliefs. I said ââ¬Å"I am in charge of my destiny, I will create my own pathâ⬠. Guess what? Life got better. I took charge of my future and chartered the path I wished to take. The improvements were remarkable. All leading me to question what exactly religious belief is for. All religion does is sell a person of bag of goods, then leaves you holding an empty bag. Life has nothing to do with religion. Religion has no influence over a persons life. That is how what I used to believe was finally changed into something that I continue to question to this very
Thursday, January 30, 2020
Frankenstein and Bladerunner Essay Example for Free
Frankenstein and Bladerunner Essay How do Frankenstein and Bladerunner reflect their Composers context? Mary Shelleyââ¬â¢s Gothic Romantic novel Frankenstein and Ridley Scottââ¬â¢s Science Fictions Noir film Blade Runner both explore similar ideas however relative to the context in which they were both made. Both Scott and Shelley use their texts as a cautionary tale, warning humanity of their inevitable downfall through greed and the exploitation of nature, and the influence science is slowly obtaining over the role of religion. Through the use of visual and auditory techniques, Scott demonstrates how nature and religion are absent in a world overrun by consumerism and technology while Shelley similarly uses imagery and allusions to hint at the consequences humanity will suffer if they try to better God through the misuse of science and the exploitation and nature. Humanityââ¬â¢s rejection of the natural world in favour of the unnatural pursuit of technology to prolong life is a major concern in both Shelleyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein and Scottââ¬â¢s Blade Runner. In the world of Frankenstein, nature is an important aspect of a personââ¬â¢s life and beliefs. Shelley conveys Victorââ¬â¢s desire to conquer nature through the use of his narration such as ââ¬Å"new species would bless me as its creatorâ⬠¦many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. â⬠The monster is then used as a metaphor for the inevitable consequences of the exploitations of nature. She therefore uses Frankenstein as a warning against the rising industrial revolution. Similarly Scott uses Blade Runner to warn society against the exploitation or nature through the rise of consumerism in the 1980s. The long shot of a dark dystopian Los Angeles after the opening credits juxtaposed with jets of fire from oil refinery towers warns the viewer of the consequences of consumerism through the exploitation of nature. There is also a lack of natural imagery such as plants and animals seen in Blade Runner and the use of chiaroscuro lighting gives the world a very artificial tone indicating to the audience that nature has been destroyed.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
the wilsons disease :: essays research papers
The Wilsonââ¬â¢s Disease à à à à à The Wilsonââ¬â¢s disease is a genetic disorder of the thirteenth chromosome. This disease is an inherited disease and it is mostly likely to be in all of the offspring if a parent had it. It is the unnecessary increase of copper in the liver and brain. This is cause by a defect in the transport of copper. Wilsonââ¬â¢s disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the copper transport resulting in the copper buildup. It is also known as Hepatolenticular Degeneration as the scientific name. This mutation prevents the body from eliminating the extra copper. à à à à à The symptoms include quivering in the upper extremities, Slowness of movement and changes in personality. They will be exceptionally argumentative and overly emotional. They will have a Decrease in mental capabilities and Speech disorders. Liver damage will be one of the first things to go wrong and needs mandatory attention. There will be Neurological disturbances like dementia and leading to deterioration of your coordination. Corneal markings occur along with a Rusty brown discoloration at the rims of the corneas. These are major problems that canââ¬â¢t be gotten rid of easily. There are very few ways to get rid of the symptoms of Wilsonââ¬â¢s disease. It is necessary to get at least one liver transplant during their life. Most patients get chelation therapy to remove different amounts of copper. To remove copper penicillamine, zinc salts and/or trientine are used. Galzin is used to get rid of some physical symptoms of the Wilsonââ¬â¢s disease. It is necessary to take 50MG of Galzine three times a day for it to work properly. Sometimes Zinc Acetate is given to block the absorption of extra copper. It is also necessary for a person with Wilsonââ¬â¢s disease to have a different diet. They often have a depletion of pyridoxine or B-6 and need supplements of 25MG daily. The food they eat should stay low in copper, at less than 0.1MG per portion. They could probably handle about 0.7MGs a day. People with Wilsonââ¬â¢s disease canââ¬â¢t eat a number of foods like tofu, mushrooms, and raisins, any kind of beans, chocolate, soy milk, nuts, or mineral water.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Bad Effects of Electronics Gadget Essay
Gadgets like portable games can have a negative impact on an individualââ¬â¢s health. Technology is an integral part of our day-to-day lives. People all over the world rely on it for things like communication, organization and employment. Not a day goes by when you donââ¬â¢t encounter someone talking on his cell phone, tapping away on a laptop or listening to an MP3 player. While this technology is impressive, there are certain drawbacks in areas like health, public safety and education that should be addressed. Being aware of these dangers can help diminish or reverse these drawbacks. Car Accidents * There is no question that cell phones have become a staple of modern society. Even young children use them, much to the chagrin of their parents or teachers. A common belief is that cell phones can cause adverse effects like brain cancer. However, a study by the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that this is not true. Regardless, there are other hazards. According to the WHO, mobile phones are a serious problem when driving, increasing reaction time between 0.5 and 1.5 seconds. This short span of time can make a world of difference when avoiding a collision. They further state drivers on a phone have trouble judging speed and staying in their lanes. Even hands-free headsets pose a distraction. The WHO concludes that drivers who talk on their cell phones are four times more likely to get in an accident. Hearing Problems * According to the website Healthy Hearing, one-third of teenagers own an MP3 player, such as an iPod. Dr. Craig Kasper, Director of Audiology at the New York Otolaryngology Group, warns that these devices can cause ear damage if used improperly. If the volume is too high or if the individual listens for a long time, hearing damage can happen. Also, earbuds are more dangerous than regular headphones. Healthy Hearing recommends that listeners keep the volume below 70 percent and limit listening time to between 60 and 90 minutes. If you want to listen indefinitely, turn the volume down to 50 percent Physical Injury and Obesity * Hand-held video game consoles are very popular in the developed world. While they can be entertaining, excessive play can be detrimental. One problem is video game addiction, which can be disruptive to a personââ¬â¢s psychological health. Other reported issues include seizures, neck pain, wrist pain and repetitive strain injury. Prolonged use also contributes to a sedentary lifestyle, resulting in obesity. Academic Impact * Text slang, such as ââ¬Å"urâ⬠instead of ââ¬Å"youââ¬â¢reâ⬠is commonly used through cell phone texting. However, a recent study shows that kids and teens are actually letting these obscure abbreviations seep into their normal writing. A recent study by Pew Internet in 2008 revealed that 50 percent of students use informal slang in their assignments. Furthermore, 38 percent admit they have used abbreviations in their schoolwork like ââ¬Å"LOLâ⬠, which stands for ââ¬Å"laugh out loudâ⬠. Additionally, 25 percent say that they use emoticons such as ââ¬Å"smiley facesâ⬠in formal writing. The problem has become so apparent that some U.S. politicians are concerned that the English language and sentence structure is being twisted, negatively affecting studentsââ¬â¢ learning. The Disadvantages of Gadgets on Students Modern technologies like television and computers provide identifiable educational advantages, such as greater access to information and more compelling presentations of that information. Over-use of technology, though, especially such gadgets as cell phones, iPods and video games, presents a whole range of problems which may interfere with a studentââ¬â¢s ability to learn and attend to lessons. 1. Social Networking 2. Students who use their computers or cell phones to participate in social networking sites may post material considered inappropriate by school authorities. They may also develop an unfavorable reputation based on those pictures or comments. Pictures of misbehavior can adversely affect their chances of getting into the university of their choice or of getting a job. Addictions * It is easy to become addicted to gaming, texting, talking on the phone or socializing online. Some students may attempt to do this in class, which disrupts their learning, and at home it detracts from study time. Kids putting in long hours on their gadgets will give less attention to assignments and may be irritable when they are away from their gadgets. They might also sleep less, which can slow down their thinking the next day. Creativity * In the past, children and young people filled up their free time by reading books, socializing, or engaging in active, creative play. A fixation on gadgets reduces participation in of all these, especially the aspect of creativity. Digital worlds can be vast, but they are always structured, not requiring the imagination and inventiveness of unstructured play. Some children become less creative and less able to entertain themselves. Health * Persistent use of high-tech gadgetry can lead to a slew of health problems for young and old alike. A sedentary lifestyle discourages exercise and encourages obesity. The back-lit screens used for computers, iPhones and video games can cause eye problems. Walking around everywhere with music blaring directly into your ears brings on headaches and hearing difficulties. The net effect of all these things, plus the pressure of immediate responses to everything, can become stressful. The Negative Impacts of exposure of electronic devices and gadgets to children These advantages may not be obvious or observed in short period of times. However there are some impacts on the usage of the electronic devices and gadgets games. According to the sources from a survey of Kaiser Family Foundation, children are spending an average of more than 7 hours per day on the electronic device which includes television, electronic games, internet and some mobile devices. These data show that, kids today are easily used up more than 50 hours weekly, which means the time consume is more than working hours of an adult, if we take an average of 8 hour per days for 6 working days. Surveys showed that these young kids know how to play with the smart-phone, make a mobile phone calls and even open internet browsers on their own without any aid. However, on the same survey found that there are lesser kids on the same age range know how to tie a shoelace without help or swim unaided. A concern on children may be fluent in technical driven skillset rather than real-life practical skills. The devices and games tend to keep the children out of touch of reality. It is important to children to spend some time for outdoor activity with family and friends. The times spent on the devices may curb some outdoor activities. When the children play violent games for a long period of time, they are tends to be more aggressive, and they are more prone to confront their elderly and teachers. This may not be a good sign, and may let the children easily involved in fighting and verbally scolding with peers. If children spend too much time on the devices, this may affect their studies and school achievements. The more time the spend they are more crazy after the devices and affects their concentration and focus in their school works. The addiction of games may also make them get used to the sedentary lifestyles, and develop unhealthy lifestyle and poor time management and poor eating habits. Abstract Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. W.H.O. has defined adolescents as individuals aged between in 10-19 years. It is the most fertile and most vulnerable segment. Time management is of paramount importance, especially for the overall growth and development of adolescence. The study was conducted on 400 students in the age group of 10-19 years showed that adolescents spend more of the time in personal cleanliness, playing games and watching television. They did not spend any time meditation or remembering God, moral teachings, caring for old persons, and family, patriotic and national values. There is an imperative need to have a strong need based action programme at the level of ââ¬â Family/Parents/Teachers in schools & community for guiding the adolescent regarding proper time management. Introduction Management means getting things done with optimal resources. It has been a very important tool in the present world to solve any problem to achieve any success or to have the maximum benefits after putting in minimum inputs. In the modern era time is very precious and its proper management of time is the key to success. Recently it has become even more important and complicated after the introduction of modern scientific techniques, gadgets, especially computers. Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. W.H.O. has defined adolescents as individuals aged between in 10-19 years. Not gold but men can make a Nation great & strongâ⬠and adolescent is the largest and most rapidly expanding segment of our country. It is the most fertile and most vulnerable segment. Need less to point out that time management is of paramount importance, especially for the overall growth and development of adolescence in our country. Children Spending Time with Gadgets Gadgets have taken the much cherished time and space which was meant for the parents. Children are hooked on to the gadgets and they have no time for other pursuits. Parents also regularly bring new gadgets for their children in keeping with the peer pressure and giving in to the demands. Should we pamper our children with gadgets? How to curb this menace? Read on. My son loves video games. He always wants the latest games as soon as possible. There is also a lot of peer pressure for him to get these gadgets. I feel I am spoiling him by getting him the gadgets he wants. Should I give in to him when he comes up with something new that he just must have? Today, children are a demanding lot. Every day there are more and more exciting gadgets to acquire. Mobile phones, video games, I pods, computers, music systems, there are newer models available by the day. Sometimes, by the time you get around purchasing something, it is already obsolete. In this scenario, how much should we pamper our children? Why Children Tend to Spend More Time with Gadgets? At the outset, as a working mother, you are probably already erring on the side of indulgence. Working mothers tend to feel guilty about their absence from home and are more likely to give in to their childrenââ¬â¢s demands. Giving in is also easier, since with a dual income, a home with working parents tends to have greater disposable income. Your sonââ¬â¢s wants might not seem difficult initially, but be aware that as he grows, the things he craves will get bigger and more expensive. Should Working Mothers Get Gadgets for Kids? You need to ask yourself if your son really needs the new gadget he craves. Will the amount you spend on it make you uncomfortable? You will know in your gut whether your child should have the latest version of a video game. If you decide against buying the new gadget, you need to talk to him about why he should not have it. Compare the cost of that gadget to a poor manââ¬â¢s income. Put its cost into perspective for him. Ask him to buy it out of his own savings! How to Handle Peer Pressure in Case of Purchasing Gadgets? If it is peer pressure that is making him desire this new item, you need to have a long, hard look at his friends. It is natural that your son will have a need to be liked by his peers and fall in with their behaviour patterns. Ideally, his group should have a positive influence on him and should have values similar to his own. He should choose his friends wisely. It is very tough to stand up to peers. Your son will need your affection and guidance. It has been observed that those children who have either low self-esteem or low confidence are more likely to succumb to peer pressure. Therefore you need to build on his own confidence. It is extremely helpful if he develops personal interests outside of the group. How Does the Usage of Gadgets Affect Children? Sometime, we as parents fail to notice the impact the gadgets have on the development of the child. The child gets hooked on to the gadgets and hardly has time for other things in life. He fails to pursue his interests. Suddenly when these gadgets are taken away from them, they feel restless and irritated. Gadgets bring about behavioural changes in the child. The child prefers to be lonely but with his gadget. So what is the solution? Do we give in to the demands? How to Monitor Childââ¬â¢s Gadget Usage? It is high time now to monitor your child before it is too late. Giving in to demands sometimes is okay but there needs to be a good reason for it. The child should be monitored for the hours spent on gadgets and a time should be fixed for this. Giving in to peer pressure should also be avoided.The best option for you as a parent is to talk to him a lot so as to prevent him from feeling isolated. You could also encourage him make new friends. Let him enjoy the beauty and marvels of nature by taking him out on a picnic or for trekking. All of this takes time and patience. So just take it easy. You can prefer the above ways to make sure that the child is spending less time with gadgets. You can also introduce him to other things. Get him involved and interested in hobby classes so that his attention is diverted and his time is spent fruitfully. With that aspect in mind an attempt was made to carry out a cross section study through the medium of schools, in the adolescents. They were si mply asked questions to describe their daily work schedule in relation to their life style and various routine activities If youââ¬â¢re like many mothers of tweens or teens, you probably often find yourself gazing at the faces of your beloved children ââ¬â as those faces are bathed in the flickering light of the television or the cool glow of the computer. Observing their glassy-eyed stares, itââ¬â¢s hard not to wonder (and worry), What is this screen time doing to their development? Weââ¬â¢ve all heard the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics: just one to two hours a day of ââ¬Å"qualityâ⬠electronic entertainment for children over 2. Yeah, right. In 2010, a study in the American Journal of Epidemiology reported that most adolescents spend an average of 25 to 30 hours per week watching TV and using computers. And while half of parents surveyed in a 2010 study said they always or often set limits on screen time, 18 percent of their kids really disagreed. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s getting more complicated to measure how much screen time kids are getting,â⬠notes Lisa Guernsey, author of Into the Minds of Babes, a book about childrenââ¬â¢s use of electronic media. ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢re no longer talking about the TV in the den that parents can turn off. These days, many teens and tweens have smartphones, laptops, tablets, and iPods that they carry with them.â⬠When you add up the total time kids spend on their electronic devices, you arrive at a truly staggering number: The average American between the ages of 8 and 18 spends more than seven hours a day looking at a screen of some kind, reports a Kaiser Family Foundation study. ââ¬Å"When we conducted a similar survey five years before, we thought childrenââ¬â¢s screen time couldnââ¬â¢t rise any higher,â⬠says Donald F. Roberts, Ph.D., a Stanford University communications professor who coauthored the study. ââ¬Å"But it just keeps going up and up.â⬠Scientists are now beginning to tease out the effects of all this electronic engagement. Too much screen time may be linked to an increased incidence of risky behaviors, and more social network activity seems to correspond to mood problems among teens. But thereââ¬â¢s good news, too. Moderate computer use may be associated with the development of some cognitive and social skills. Here, a closer look at the cons and then the pros of screen time.
Monday, January 6, 2020
The Poverty Of Capitalism, And Food Production - 1090 Words
Part 1: Hilaryââ¬â¢s book, ââ¬ËThe Poverty of Capitalism,ââ¬â¢ questions capitalism in modern day societies and focuses on the three economic sectors of extraction, garments, and food production. The accumulation of capital has led to the impoverishment of millions of people around the world and corporations have even gained enough power to outmaneuver states (ie Vattenfall sues Germany). Capitalism is about ambition, and the wheels of production need to keep turning to keep pace with the demand for more profit. However, the cost of making the wealthy more prosperous is that half of the global south now lives in poverty. Furthermore, after the 2008 financial crisis, the G20 gave more power to the World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO to police world trade, despite how those institutions were responsible for economic crashes to begin with. Corporate Social Responsibility is also criticized by Hilary, who explains how large corporations use this hegemonic strategy as a mechanism f or expanding their reach by aligning themselves with NGOs so they can continue their exploitation of people and resources under the protection of a philanthropic name. Inequality is increasing both between and within countries and Hilary proposes that the solidarity created by the struggle for alternatives to capitalism (ie Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, La Via Campesina) shows that there is hope for a new future. Part 2: Capitalism: After the 2008 financial crisis, hope for economic recovery wasShow MoreRelatedCapitalism Vs. Socialism : The Transitional Period Between Capitalism And Communism1330 Words à |à 6 PagesCapitalism versus Socialism In the theories developed by Karl Marx, socialism is considered the transitional period between capitalism and communism. For a long time, capitalism versus socialism has been argued and debated. 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By attempting to commodity every aspect of life from land, food, and even culture at times and enforcing things such as patriarchy and the marginalization and problemitization of whole groups of people, itââ¬â¢s really changed the social movements. The command system, better known as socialism or communism, is anRead MoreNineteen Lessons Of Environmental Sociology By Kenneth Gould And Tammy Lewis1324 Words à |à 6 Pagescommodification as a form of capitalism. Land is given as an example representing this idea of capitalism leading to more rationalization and commodification within the reading. ââ¬Å"Land for the native peoples of the Americans was held communally. The capitalism Europeans introduced to the region required land to be commodified; thus, it became private property to be marketed (Gould and Lewis p. 40).â⬠This idea shows the exchange of the economic invo lvement of capitalism in relation to a communityââ¬â¢s
Sunday, December 29, 2019
Rivera Surname Meaning and Origin
Rivera is a common Hispanic surname bestowed on a person who lived on a riverbank, from ribera, the Spanish word for riverbank. The name may also be a habitational name for someone from any one of the places named Rivera. Rivera is also a northern Italian variation of the surname Ribera, which also means river bank or shore, from theà Italian riberaà (Late Latin riparia), meaning bank, shore. The Rivera surname can be traced back to Gonzalo Là ³pez de Rivera, Lord of the Castle of Rivera in Galicia in the 1200s, according to Instituto Genealà ³gico e Histà ³rico Latinoamericano. Some sources, however, claim that the Riveras are direct descendants of Sancho Belloso, natural-born son of the King of Leà ³n, Ramiro III. Others, that the name dates back to ancient Roman times. Rivera is the 9th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:à Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:à RIBERA, RIVA, RIVERO, RIVIERE, RIBA Famous People With the Surname Rivera Chita Rivera - American dancer, singer, and actressDiego Rivera - Mexican painter and muralistGeraldo Rivera - American talk show host and journalistJenni Rivera - Mexican American singer Where Do People With the Rivera Surname Live? Rivera is the 260th most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution data fromà Forebears, found in greatest numbersà in Mexico and with the highest density in Puerto Rico where it is the most common surname. The Rivera surname is also very common in Honduras and El Salvador, where it ranks 8th, as well as Nicaragua (19th), Panama (24th), Mexico (29th) and Guatemala (30th). Within Europe, Rivera is most frequently found in Spain, according toà WorldNames PublicProfiler, especially in the Extremadura and Galicia regions. The surname is also very common in the United States, especially in the states of New Mexico and New York. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Rivera 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researchingà your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean, and other Spanish speaking countries. Rivera Family Crest ââ¬â Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Rivera family crest or coat of arms for the Rivera surname.à Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.à Rivera Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Rivera surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Rivera query. FamilySearch ââ¬â Rivera GenealogyAccess over 4.8 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Rivera surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet ââ¬â Rivera RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Rivera surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries. RIVERA Surname Family Mailing ListsThis free mailing list for researchers of the Rivera surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com ââ¬â RIVERA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Rivera. The Rivera Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Rivera from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.à Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.à Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.à Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.à A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.à Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.à A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.à American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408
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